In the digital age, using images to enhance our content, blog posts, and social media has become second nature.
However, it’s essential to be aware of the potential pitfalls of using images without permission, as you could be unknowingly infringing on someone else’s photo copyright.
In this article, we’ll explore the topic of photo copyright infringement, its consequences, and how to avoid it.
We’ll also discuss how to protect your original images from being used without your consent.
Copyright is a legal protection granted to creators of original works, such as photographs, paintings, written works, music, and more.
This protection gives the creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, and display their work, as well as create derivative works based on it.
Photo copyright refers to the legal protection granted to the creators of original photographic works.
This protection is granted to the photographers under Section 2(c) of the Indian Copyright Act 1957.
It is granted as photographs fall under the category of artistic work.
This protection gives the photographer exclusive rights over their images.
This includes the right to reproduce, distribute, display, and create derivative works based on their photographs.
Copyright protection is essential for photographers to safeguard their creative work.
The protection starts as soon as the work is created, and copyright registration is recommended, but not mandatory.
According to copyright statute, the expression of an idea is eligible for protection, while the idea itself is not.
Section 51 of the Indian Copyright Act 1957 provides protection for photographers’ expressions against a breach.
Unauthorised use of the photographer’s works is classified as a breach of copyright.
The publication of a photograph without the permission of the author/owner from another published material is also considered an infringement.
However, the use of a photograph without any intention of obtaining illegal profits or for legislative, or academic purposes is permissible without prior consent.
The said Act of 1957 provides comprehensive protection to traditional and online photographs and can overcome challenges posed by new technologies.
It has a strong legal base for the protection of copyright and offers essential safeguards to photographers.
The duration of legal protection for photographs varies depending on the country and its specific copyright laws.
It is protected for 60 years from the date of publication under Section 25 of the Copyright Act 1957 in India.
Here a date of publication simply implies when the photograph in question was taken and not when it is published somewhere.
In the European Union and the U.S., it is protected for 70 years, whereas in Berne Convention is protected for a minimum of 50 years from the date it was clicked.
In general, the copyright owner of a photograph belongs to the person who took the picture, also known as the photographer or creator.
This means that the photographer has the exclusive rights as per the Copyright statute to their photographs, as well as to control how and when their images are used.
However, there are some exceptions and special circumstances that can affect their ownership:
Works made for hire: If a photograph is taken by an employee in the course of their employment, the employer may be considered the rightful owner, as the work is considered a “work made for hire.”
This can also apply to independent contractors in certain situations, provided that there is a written agreement stating that the work is a work made for hire.
Transferred copyright: The original owner of that photo can choose to transfer their ownership to another party through a written agreement. In such cases, the new owner will hold the copyright and have exclusive rights to the photograph.
Joint ownership: If a photograph is created by two or more people who intend it to be a single work, they may be considered joint copyright owners. In this case, each owner has equal rights to use, license, or transfer the work, unless there is a written agreement stating otherwise.
It is essential to understand the specific ownership arrangements and agreements when dealing with photographs, as this will determine who holds the exclusive rights to the image and how it can be used.
Photo copyright infringement occurs when someone uses a copyrighted photograph without the creator’s permission.
This could be as simple as sharing an image on social media, using it in a blog post, or incorporating it into marketing materials.
Infringement can take various forms, such as:
Originality in a photograph is determined by the presence of creative elements that result from the photographer’s choices and artistic expression.
These elements make the photograph unique and distinguish it from other works.
Some factors that contribute to the originality of a photograph include:
Composition: The arrangement of subjects, objects, and elements within the frame can reflect the photographer’s creativity and personal style.
The choice of perspective, angles, and overall layout of the image can all contribute to the originality of a photograph.
Lighting: A photographer’s decisions regarding lighting can have a significant impact on the mood, atmosphere, and visual appeal of the image.
The use of natural light, artificial light, or a combination of both, as well as the direction, intensity, and color of the light, can create original effects.
Subject matter: The choice of subject matter can also contribute to the originality of a photograph. A photographer may choose to capture a unique subject or present a common subject in an innovative or unusual way.
Timing: The precise moment the photograph is taken can be crucial for capturing a unique scene or emotion.
This can be particularly important in genres such as sports photography, wildlife photography, and photojournalism, where timing can make the difference between a standard image and a truly original one.
Post-processing: The photographer’s decisions regarding editing, color grading, and other post-processing techniques can also contribute to the originality of the photograph.
These adjustments can enhance the image’s overall aesthetic, emphasise certain aspects, or create a specific visual style.
In copyright law, a photograph must possess a certain level of originality to be eligible for protection.
While the threshold for originality may vary depending on the jurisdiction, it generally requires that the photograph reflects the photographer’s creative choices and is not a mere mechanical reproduction of a scene or subject.
To further illustrate the concept of originality in a photograph, let’s consider an example:
Imagine two photographers, Alice and Bob, visiting a popular tourist attraction – a historic castle.
Both decide to take photographs of the castle from the same viewing spot.
Alice’s photograph: Alice chooses to take her photograph at sunset, capturing the warm, golden light illuminating the castle’s facade.
She carefully frames her shot to include a group of trees in the foreground, adding depth and a sense of scale to the image. In post-processing, Alice enhances the colors and adjusts the contrast to emphasise the rich hues of the sunset and create a visually striking photograph.
Bob’s photograph: Bob, on the other hand, takes his photograph in the middle of the day under flat, even lighting. He decides to center the castle in his frame and doesn’t include any other elements.
His photograph results in straightforward documentation of the castle, with no particular artistic choices or creative elements.
In this example, Alice’s photograph would likely be considered original due to her creative choices regarding lighting, composition, and post-processing.
Her decisions result in a unique and artistic representation of the castle that reflects her personal style and vision.
In contrast, Bob’s photograph may not be considered original, as it lacks any significant creative input and serves as a basic representation of the subject.
This example demonstrates that originality in a photograph is determined by the creative choices and artistic expression of the photographer, which set the image apart from other works and contribute to its uniqueness.
Related Article: Art Copyright Infringement
Copyright law is a multifaceted set of rules and provisions designed to safeguard the originality and ownership of creative works.
Within the realm of photography, these concepts become even more intricate, as discerning the true owner and originality of a photograph can be a formidable task.
One of the most vital elements of the said law in photography is originality.
The originality of a photograph is rooted in the photographer’s distinct vision and choice of subject matter.
This principle distinguishes one photograph from another and serves as the foundation for copyright protection.
Nevertheless, challenging copyright in photography is not confined to originality alone. Ownership of a photograph is another pivotal aspect that can be disputed.
The person who engages the photographer to take the photograph is the rightful owner of not only the physical copy but also the negatives and the intellectual property rights associated with the photograph.
Moreover, the resale of a photograph is also subject to image copyright laws. Only the owner of the photograph holds the right to sell or resell the photograph, as outlined in the Indian Copyright Act of 1957.
In the case of Camera House, Bombay vs State of Maharashtra, the Bombay High Court was asked to determine the tax liability arising from the sale of photographs.
One of the issues that emerged in the case was whether a photographer could sell a customer’s photograph to the customer or anyone else, considering the customer already owns the copyright in the photograph.
The High Court elucidated that under the said Act of 1957, the copyright in a photograph resides in the person who commissioned the photograph, and not in the person who took the photograph.
Consequently, only the owner of the copyright, which in this case is the person who hired the photographer, can sell or resell the photograph.
The court does not need to take into consideration the argument made on behalf of the assessees in this instance in light of the provisions of the Copyright Act because of the decision it made regarding the subject of severability.
Hence, it can be inferred that the person who hires a photographer to take a photograph not only owns the actual copy of the photograph but also the negatives and has the right to sell or resell the photograph, as they possess the intellectual property.
Related Article: Graphic Design Copyright Infringement Examples
When it comes to sharing images online or using them for various purposes, it’s important to understand the legal implications and limitations to avoid violation of a photographer’s rights.
Here’s a general guideline on what images you can and can’t share:
Images You Can Share:
Public domain images: These are images whose copyright has expired or where the creator has willingly relinquished their rights. Public domain images can be used freely without the need for permission.
Creative Commons licensed images: Creative Commons is a non-profit organisation that provides various licensing options for image creators to share their work with the public while retaining certain rights.
When using a Creative Commons licensed image, you must adhere to the specific license terms, which may include giving appropriate credit, not using the image for commercial purposes, or not creating derivative works.
Stock images with appropriate licenses: Many websites offer stock images that can be used for personal or commercial purposes, either for free or for a fee.
When using stock images, make sure to follow the terms and conditions of the license, which may include limitations on the use or distribution of the image. Examples include Unsplash, Pexels, and Freepik.
When using free stock images on social media, ensure you follow the terms and conditions of the license, which may include limitations on usage or the requirement to provide attribution.
Images you’ve created: If you’ve taken a photograph or created an image yourself, you own the copyright and can share it as you see fit.
However, if the image contains recognisable people, trademarks, or copyrighted elements, you may still need permission from the relevant parties.
Images with explicit permission: If you’ve obtained written permission from the copyright owner to use an image, you can share it according to the terms agreed upon.
Images You Can’t Share:
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Always exercise caution when sharing images and ensure that you have the appropriate rights or permissions to avoid potential copyright infringement and other legal issues.
When in doubt, take legal advice from an attorney or seek images that are explicitly marked as free for use.
Violating photo copyright can lead to various legal and financial consequences.
Here are some potential outcomes of photo copyright infringement:
To avoid these consequences of copyright infringement, it’s crucial to respect the intellectual property rights of photographers and creators.
Always ensure that you have the appropriate rights or permissions to use an image and comply with the terms and conditions associated with the image.
To avoid photo copyright infringement, it’s essential to respect the intellectual property rights of photographers and creators.
Follow these guidelines to minimise the risk of infringement when using photographs:
Use your own images: The safest way to avoid acts of copyright infringement is to use photographs that you’ve taken yourself. By doing so, you own the copyright and have full control over how the images are used.
Search for public domain images: Public domain images are not protected by copyright and can be used freely without permission. Look for images that have had their copyright expire or where the creator has relinquished their rights.
Utilise Creative Commons licensed images: Creative Commons provides various licenses that allow creators to share their work while retaining certain rights.
When using a Creative Commons licensed image, ensure that you comply with the specific license terms, such as giving appropriate credit, not using the image for commercial purposes, or not creating derivative works.
Purchase stock images with appropriate licenses: Many websites offer stock images that can be used for personal or commercial purposes, either for free or for a fee. When using stock images, always adhere to the terms and conditions of the license to avoid copyright infringement.
Obtain permission from the copyright owner: If you want to use a copyrighted image, contact the copyright owner to request permission. They may grant you a license to use the image under specific terms and conditions.
Provide proper attribution: When using an image under a license that requires attribution, make sure to give credit to the original photographer or creator according to the terms of the license.
Understand fair use: In some cases, using copyrighted material may be considered fair use, which is a legal doctrine that permits limited use of copyrighted material without obtaining permission.
However, fair use is subjective and depends on specific circumstances, so it’s best to consult with an attorney if you believe your use of an image falls under fair use.
Be cautious with images found online: Just because an image is available online doesn’t mean it’s free to use. Always verify the copyright status and usage permissions for any image you find online before using it.
Remove infringing images promptly: If you receive a notice of copyright infringement or realise that you’ve inadvertently used an image without permission, remove the image immediately and, if necessary, reach out to the actual owner to resolve the copyright issue.
By following these guidelines and respecting the intellectual property rights of photographers and creators, you can minimise the risk of photo copyright infringement while using images for various purposes.
If you’re accused of copyright infringement involving photos, it’s important to take the situation seriously and respond appropriately.
Here are some steps to consider when dealing with accusations of photo infringement:
Review the claim: Carefully examine the notice or communication you’ve received to determine the specific copyright infringement claim being made. Identify the copyrighted work in question, the alleged infringement, and the party making the claim.
Evaluate your use of the image: Assess whether your use of the image constitutes a violation of the photographer’s right.
Consider factors such as whether you had permission to use the image, if it falls under fair use, or if the image is in the public domain. Consult with an attorney if you’re unsure about the legal aspects of your usage.
Remove the image: If you believe that you have infringed on the copyright, promptly remove the image from your platform or materials to minimise further damage and show good faith.
Respond to the claim: Once you have a clear understanding of the situation, respond to the accusing party. If you believe the claim is valid, consider offering an apology and working out a resolution, such as paying a licensing fee or providing proper attribution.
If you believe the claim is baseless, explain your reasoning and provide any supporting evidence, such as a license agreement or proof of public domain status.
Negotiate a settlement: If the accusing party demands payment, you may be able to negotiate a settlement to avoid further legal action. Consult with an attorney to help you navigate this process and reach a fair agreement.
Seek legal assistance: If the dispute cannot be resolved amicably or if you face a lawsuit, consult with an attorney who specialises in copyright law. They can guide you through the legal process and help you build a strong defense.
Prevent future infringement: To avoid future accusations of infringement, develop a clear understanding of copyright laws and best practices for using images.
Use your own images, seek permission from the rightful holders, or utilise public domain or Creative Commons licensed images.
Always follow the terms and conditions associated with image usage, and provide proper attribution when required.
By addressing the breach accusations promptly and professionally, you can work to resolve the situation and minimise any potential legal or financial consequences.
Protecting your photos from violations of artistic rights is essential to ensure that no one can use them without your permission or compensation.
Here are some steps you can take to protect your photos:
Watermark your photos: Adding a visible watermark to your photos is an effective way to protect them from unauthorised use.
In case you are not acquainted with the concept, a watermark refers to an imperceptible symbol or signature superimposed on a photograph to signify its ownership.
Use Copyright Notices: You can also add a copyright notice to your photos, which notifies others that the photo is copyrighted and that it cannot be used without your permission.
Register your photos: Registering your photos with the Copyright Office is an excellent way to protect them legally. This process gives you legal proof that you own the photos, and you can sue anyone who uses them without your permission.
Use Digital Protection Techniques: You can also use digital protection techniques like encryption, password protection, and digital signature to protect your photos. These methods can prevent others from downloading, copying, or printing your photos without your permission.
Be Careful Where You Post: You should be careful where you post your photos online.
Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter often have terms and conditions that allow them to use the photos you post. So, make sure you read the terms and conditions carefully before posting your photos online.
By taking these steps, you can protect your photography from copyright infringement and ensure that they are only used with your approval.
The future of photography and copyright law is likely to be shaped by several factors, including technological advancements and changes in consumer behavior.
Here are a few potential developments to consider:
Overall, the future of photography and copyright law is likely to be shaped by a complex interplay of technological, social, and legal factors.
As these trends continue to evolve, it will be important for photographers and other creators to stay informed about the latest developments in order to protect their intellectual property and maximise their earning potential.
Navigating the world of photo copyright infringement can be complex, but it’s essential to be informed and proactive in order to protect your own work and respect the rights of others.
By understanding copyright law, obtaining proper licensing, and taking measures to protect your own images, you can minimise the risk of legal issues and maintain a positive reputation.
Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of licensed material without obtaining permission from the rights holder.
Factors considered in determining fair use include the purpose of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount used, and the effect on the market for the original work. It’s important to consult with legal counsel to determine whether a specific use of an image falls under fair use.
Educational uses may be considered fair use in some cases, but it’s not a guarantee.
It’s best to consult with legal counsel or obtain permission from the copyright holder to avoid potential infringement.
Determining the copyright status of an image can be challenging.
Look for any copyright notices or watermarks on the image, and research the image’s source to find information about its copyright status.
When in doubt, assume the image is copyrighted and obtain permission or use an alternative image with a clear license.
Altering a copyrighted image does not necessarily make it legal to use.
Creating a derivative work based on a copyrighted image still requires permission from the copyright holder.
Crediting the photographer or copyright holder is often a requirement when using licensed images, especially under Creative Commons licenses.
Even when not required, it’s a good practice to credit the creator as a sign of respect and acknowledgment of their work.
The primary objective of adding a watermark is to discourage unauthorised usage of the photograph, as the presence of the watermark will indicate that the photograph has been stolen.
Additionally, the watermark also serves as a visual deterrent, as it detracts from the aesthetic appeal of the photograph.
However, the downside to this approach is that while the photograph is now more secure, the watermark may be intrusive and diminish the beauty of the photograph.
Hence, it is essential to strike a balance between safeguarding your work and allowing it to be seen by others.
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